Roman scutum
The Roman scutum was a large, rectangular shield used by soldiers in the Roman army. Typically made of wood and covered with leather or metal, it measured about 3 feet tall and 4 feet wide. The scutum was designed to provide maximum protection during battles and was often curved to deflect blows. Its size allowed soldiers to form a protective wall, especially in formations like the testudo.
The scutum featured a central boss, or umbo, which could be used offensively in combat. This shield was not only practical but also a symbol of Roman military strength. Its design evolved over time, influencing the shields of later armies in Europe.