Robustness refers to the ability of a system, object, or process to withstand variability and remain effective under different conditions. For example, a robust software application can handle unexpected inputs or errors without crashing, ensuring reliable performance. This quality is essential in various fields, including engineering, biology, and economics. In engineering, a robust design minimizes the impact of uncertainties, such as material defects or environmental changes. Similarly, in biological systems, robustness allows organisms to survive and adapt to fluctuating environments. Overall, robustness is a key characteristic that enhances stability and reliability across diverse applications.