Robert Mapplethorpe was an American photographer known for his striking black-and-white images. Born on November 4, 1946, in New York City, he gained fame in the 1970s and 1980s for his portraits, still lifes, and provocative depictions of the human body. His work often explored themes of sexuality, identity, and beauty. Mapplethorpe's photography frequently featured subjects from the New York City art scene, including Andy Warhol and Patti Smith, with whom he had a close relationship. His controversial images sparked debates about art and censorship, particularly during the 1990s, when his work was at the center of discussions regarding public funding for the arts.