Robert I, Duke of Parma was a nobleman born on 18th September 1848 in Parma, Italy. He was the son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Louise Marie of France. Robert became the Duke of Parma in 1854 after his father's death, but he was only a child at the time, and his reign was largely influenced by regents. Robert I's rule ended in 1860 when the duchy was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy during the unification process. He spent much of his later life in exile, primarily in France, and died on 16th November 1907 in Friedrichshafen, Germany.