Republican institutions refer to the structures and systems that support a republican form of government, where representatives are elected to make decisions on behalf of the citizens. These institutions include the legislative body, such as a parliament or congress, which creates laws, and the executive branch, responsible for implementing those laws. Additionally, republican institutions often encompass an independent judiciary that interprets laws and ensures justice. They are designed to promote accountability, protect individual rights, and maintain a system of checks and balances among the different branches of government, fostering a stable political environment.