RF cavities are specialized structures used in particle accelerators to accelerate charged particles, such as electrons or protons. They work by generating an oscillating electric field through radio frequency (RF) signals, which propel the particles forward as they pass through the cavity. The design and size of these cavities are crucial for achieving the desired energy levels. These cavities are typically made from conductive materials like copper or superconducting materials to minimize energy loss. Superconducting RF cavities are particularly efficient, allowing for higher acceleration gradients and improved performance in modern accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider and various linear accelerators.