The Qing Empire was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. It was established by the Manchu people, who conquered the Ming dynasty. The Qing expanded China's territory significantly, incorporating regions like Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia. The empire is known for its rich cultural achievements and the flourishing of arts and literature. During its rule, the Qing faced various challenges, including internal rebellions and external pressures from Western powers. The Opium Wars in the 19th century weakened the empire, leading to significant territorial losses and the imposition of unequal treaties. The Qing dynasty ultimately fell in 1912, giving way to the establishment of the Republic of China.