Puerperal fever, also known as childbed fever, is a bacterial infection that can occur in women after childbirth. It typically arises from bacteria entering the uterus during or after delivery, leading to inflammation and infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, and abdominal pain, and it can develop within days of giving birth. Historically, puerperal fever was a significant cause of maternal mortality. Advances in medical hygiene and practices, such as the use of antibiotics and improved sterilization techniques, have greatly reduced its incidence. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent complications and ensure the health of the mother.