Privilege Escalation is a security vulnerability that allows an attacker to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from regular users. This can occur when a user exploits a flaw in a system or application to gain higher permissions, enabling them to perform unauthorized actions. There are two main types of privilege escalation: Vertical Privilege Escalation, where a user gains higher privileges than intended, and Horizontal Privilege Escalation, where a user accesses resources of other users at the same privilege level. Both types pose significant risks to system security and data integrity.