A pressure surge, often referred to as a water hammer, occurs when a fluid in a pipe suddenly changes velocity, creating a shock wave. This can happen when a valve closes quickly or a pump starts or stops abruptly. The rapid change in flow can lead to a spike in pressure, which may cause damage to pipes, fittings, and other components in a hydraulic system. To mitigate pressure surges, engineers often use devices like pressure relief valves or surge tanks. These tools help absorb the shock and maintain stable pressure levels, ensuring the longevity and safety of the piping system. Proper design and maintenance are crucial to prevent potential failures.