"Pre-Hispanic" refers to the period in the Americas before the arrival of Spanish explorers and colonizers in the late 15th century. This era is characterized by diverse indigenous cultures, each with its own social structures, languages, and traditions. Notable civilizations from this time include the Maya, Aztec, and Inca, which made significant advancements in agriculture, architecture, and astronomy. During the Pre-Hispanic period, societies developed complex trade networks and created impressive monuments, such as the Pyramids of Teotihuacan and Machu Picchu. These cultures had rich spiritual beliefs and practices, often centered around nature and the cosmos, which influenced their art, rituals, and daily life.