Pope Innocent III, born Lotario dei Conti di Segni in 1160, served as the head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1198 to 1216. He is known for his significant influence over European politics and his efforts to strengthen the papacy's authority. Innocent III played a crucial role in the Fourth Crusade and called for the Fifth Crusade, aiming to reclaim the Holy Land. Innocent III was also notable for his involvement in the affairs of various kingdoms, including England and France. He excommunicated several rulers and asserted the church's power over secular authorities. His papacy marked a high point in the medieval church's political power and influence.