The political history of Brazil began with its colonization by Portugal in the 16th century. Brazil gained independence in 1822, leading to the establishment of the Empire of Brazil, which lasted until 1889. The country then transitioned to a republic, experiencing periods of political instability, military rule, and democratic governance. In the 20th century, Brazil faced significant political changes, including the Getúlio Vargas era and the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985. Since the return to democracy, Brazil has seen the rise of various political parties and leaders, with ongoing challenges related to corruption and social inequality.