Plants communicate with each other through various methods, primarily using chemical signals. When under threat from pests or diseases, they can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air. These compounds can alert neighboring plants, prompting them to activate their own defense mechanisms, such as producing toxins or increasing their resilience. Additionally, plants can communicate through their root systems. They release exudates that can attract beneficial microbes or inhibit the growth of competing plants. This underground network, often referred to as the mycorrhizal network, allows plants to share nutrients and information, enhancing their survival in challenging environments.