The piano originated in Italy around 1700, invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori. It was designed to allow musicians to play both soft and loud sounds, which was a significant advancement over earlier keyboard instruments like the harpsichord. The instrument quickly gained popularity across Europe, evolving in design and construction. By the late 18th century, the fortepiano emerged, leading to the modern piano's development in the 19th century. Innovations included the use of iron frames and improved action mechanisms, allowing for greater volume and expressive capabilities. Composers like Beethoven and Chopin contributed to the piano's repertoire, solidifying its place in classical music.