Periodontal diseases are infections that affect the structures around the teeth, including the gums, bone, and connective tissues. They are primarily caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth. If not removed through proper oral hygiene, plaque can harden into tartar, leading to inflammation and infection. The two main types of periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is the milder form, characterized by red, swollen gums that may bleed during brushing. If left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis, which can result in tooth loss and damage to the jawbone. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene can help prevent these conditions.