The Peano Axioms are a set of five fundamental principles proposed by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano in 1889. They define the natural numbers and their properties, establishing a foundation for arithmetic. The axioms include concepts such as the existence of a first natural number, the idea that every natural number has a successor, and that no two different natural numbers can have the same successor. These axioms help formalize the structure of natural numbers, allowing mathematicians to derive further properties and theorems. They are essential in the field of mathematical logic and serve as a basis for more complex number systems, including integers and rational numbers.