Papaver somniferum, commonly known as opium poppy, is a flowering plant native to the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated for its seeds and the latex produced from its unripe seed pods, which contains various alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. These compounds have significant medicinal properties and are used in pain management and anesthesia. The cultivation of Papaver somniferum is regulated in many countries due to its potential for misuse and addiction. While the seeds are safe for consumption and commonly used in baking, the latex can be processed into opium, which is illegal in many places. Understanding its uses and risks is essential for public health.