Pandemic risk refers to the potential for widespread disease outbreaks that can affect large populations across multiple countries. These outbreaks can be caused by various pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, and can lead to significant health, economic, and social impacts. The emergence of new diseases, like COVID-19, highlights the importance of monitoring and preparing for such risks. Managing pandemic risk involves surveillance, early detection, and response strategies to mitigate the effects of an outbreak. Public health organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), play a crucial role in coordinating efforts to prevent and control pandemics, ensuring that countries are prepared to handle potential threats effectively.