Oliver Brown was a key figure in the landmark Supreme Court case, Brown v. Board of Education, which took place in 1954. He was a parent who challenged the segregation of public schools in Topeka, Kansas. Brown's daughter, Linda Brown, was denied admission to a white school, prompting him to take legal action against the school district. The case ultimately led to a unanimous decision by the Supreme Court, declaring that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. This ruling was a significant step in the Civil Rights Movement, helping to dismantle segregation and promote equality in education across the United States.