O'Neill of Tyrone refers to a prominent Irish dynasty that played a significant role in the history of Ireland. The O'Neills were the ruling family of the province of Ulster and were known for their resistance against English rule during the Tudor and Stuart periods. Their influence peaked in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, particularly under leaders like Hugh O'Neill. The O'Neill dynasty is often associated with the Nine Years' War (1594-1603), a conflict against English expansion in Ireland. Following their defeat, many O'Neills fled to Europe in what is known as the Flight of the Earls, marking a significant turning point in Irish history and the decline of Gaelic nobility.