Numbering systems are methods used to represent numbers in a consistent way. The most common system is the decimal system, which uses ten digits (0-9) and is based on powers of ten. Other systems include the binary system, which uses only two digits (0 and 1) and is essential in computer science, and the hexadecimal system, which uses sixteen symbols (0-9 and A-F) to simplify binary representation. Different cultures have developed their own numbering systems throughout history. For example, the Roman numeral system uses letters from the Latin alphabet to signify values, while the Mayan numeral system incorporates a base-20 structure. Each system serves specific purposes and reflects the mathematical understanding of its time.