Nineteenth-century music was marked by the rise of Romanticism, emphasizing emotion and individual expression. Composers like Frédéric Chopin, Johannes Brahms, and Richard Wagner explored new forms and expanded orchestration, creating rich, dramatic works. This period saw the development of the symphonic poem and the art song, reflecting personal and national themes. The era also witnessed the growth of public concerts and the establishment of music conservatories, making music more accessible. Innovations in instrument design, such as the piano and symphony orchestra, allowed for greater musical complexity. Overall, this century laid the groundwork for modern music.