Nineteenth-century novels emerged as a significant literary form, reflecting the social, political, and economic changes of the time. This period saw the rise of realism, with authors like Charles Dickens and Jane Austen focusing on everyday life and character development. Themes often included class struggles, morality, and the impact of industrialization. The novel became a popular medium for exploring complex human emotions and societal issues. Writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Emily Brontë contributed to the genre by incorporating psychological depth and intricate plots. This era laid the groundwork for modern literature, influencing countless authors and styles that followed.