Friedrich Nietzsche was a 19th-century philosopher known for his ideas on individualism and the critique of traditional morality. One key concept is the "will to power," which suggests that the fundamental driving force in humans is not merely survival or reproduction, but a desire to assert and enhance one's influence and creativity. Another important idea is the "Übermensch," or "Overman," representing an individual who transcends conventional morality to create their own values. This concept challenges people to rise above societal norms and embrace their potential, ultimately leading to personal and cultural transformation.