Neolithic Europe refers to the period from around 10,000 BCE to 2,000 BCE when humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to agriculture. This era saw the development of farming techniques, which allowed communities to settle in one place and form villages. Key crops included wheat and barley, while domesticated animals like sheep and cattle became essential for food and labor. During this time, people built megalithic structures, such as Stonehenge, which served various purposes, including religious and astronomical functions. The Neolithic period also marked advancements in pottery and weaving, reflecting a shift towards more complex societies and cultural practices across Europe.