Nanofluids are advanced fluids that contain nanoparticles, typically measuring between 1 and 100 nanometers, suspended in a base fluid like water or oil. These tiny particles enhance the thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties of the fluid, making them useful in various applications, including cooling systems and heat exchangers. The unique properties of nanofluids arise from the high surface area-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles, which improves the interaction between the particles and the base fluid. Researchers are exploring their potential in industries such as energy, automotive, and electronics to improve efficiency and performance in thermal management systems.