Mycobacteria are a group of bacteria known for their thick, waxy cell walls, which make them resistant to many common antibiotics. They are best known for causing diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy. These bacteria can survive in harsh environments and are often found in soil and water. There are over 150 species of mycobacteria, but only a few are pathogenic to humans. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis, spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing infections caused by mycobacteria.