Monge is a mathematical concept related to the study of optimal transport and geometry. It is named after the French mathematician Gaspard Monge, who introduced the idea in the 18th century. Monge's work focuses on finding the most efficient way to move mass from one location to another, minimizing the cost associated with transportation. In modern applications, Monge's principles are used in various fields, including economics, logistics, and computer science. The Monge-Kantorovich problem extends his ideas to more complex scenarios, allowing for the analysis of probability distributions and their transformations, which is essential in areas like machine learning and data analysis.