Molecular pumps are devices that create a vacuum by removing gas molecules from a sealed environment. They operate by using mechanical or electrical means to capture and expel these molecules, effectively lowering the pressure inside a chamber. Common types include turbo molecular pumps and ion pumps, each designed for specific applications in industries like semiconductor manufacturing and vacuum technology. These pumps are essential in scientific research and industrial processes where a clean, low-pressure environment is necessary. By maintaining a vacuum, molecular pumps help improve the performance of equipment and ensure the integrity of sensitive materials during experiments or production.