Modernist novels emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a break from traditional narrative forms. They often explore themes of alienation, fragmentation, and the complexities of human consciousness. Notable authors include James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Franz Kafka, who experimented with stream-of-consciousness techniques and nonlinear storytelling. These novels frequently reflect the disorientation of modern life, influenced by events like World War I and rapid industrialization. The focus shifts from plot-driven narratives to the inner thoughts and feelings of characters, challenging readers to engage with the text on a deeper level.