Modern Hebrew literature refers to literary works written in the Hebrew language from the late 19th century to the present. It emerged during the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment, when writers sought to revive Hebrew as a spoken and literary language. Key figures include Shmuel Yosef Agnon, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature, and Chaim Nachman Bialik, known for his poetry and essays. This literature encompasses various genres, including poetry, prose, and drama, reflecting the experiences and challenges of Jewish life in Israel and the diaspora. Themes often explore identity, culture, and the complexities of modern existence, contributing to a rich and diverse literary tradition.