Modern Greek history began in the early 19th century with the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829), which led to the establishment of an independent Greek state. This period was marked by the influence of the Enlightenment and the desire for national identity, culminating in the recognition of Greece's sovereignty in 1832. Throughout the 20th century, Greece faced significant challenges, including the Balkan Wars, World War II, and a civil war (1946-1949). The country transitioned to a democratic government in the 1970s, joining the European Union in 1981, which helped stabilize its economy and promote modernization.