Mitochondrial genetics studies the genetic material found in mitochondria, the energy-producing structures in cells. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed down only from the mother. This unique inheritance pattern makes it useful for tracing maternal lineage and studying evolutionary relationships among species. Mitochondrial DNA contains genes essential for the production of proteins involved in cellular respiration and energy metabolism. Mutations in mtDNA can lead to various mitochondrial diseases, affecting energy production and causing symptoms in multiple organ systems. Understanding mitochondrial genetics is crucial for diagnosing and developing treatments for these conditions.