Mismatch repair is a cellular process that corrects errors that occur during DNA replication. These errors can include incorrect base pairing, where one DNA base is mistakenly paired with the wrong partner. The mismatch repair system identifies these errors and removes the incorrect segment of DNA, allowing the correct bases to be inserted. This repair mechanism is crucial for maintaining genetic stability and preventing mutations that could lead to diseases, including cancer. In humans, defects in the mismatch repair system are linked to certain hereditary conditions, such as Lynch syndrome, which increases the risk of various cancers.