DNA repair mechanisms are essential processes that correct damage to the DNA molecule, ensuring the integrity of genetic information. These mechanisms can fix various types of damage, such as those caused by environmental factors like UV radiation or chemical exposure, as well as errors that occur during DNA replication. Key repair pathways include base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Each repair mechanism operates through specific steps. For instance, in base excision repair, damaged bases are recognized and removed, followed by the insertion of the correct base. Similarly, nucleotide excision repair removes larger sections of damaged DNA, while mismatch repair corrects errors that escape proofreading during replication. Together, these systems help maintain cellular health and prevent mutations.