In Minecraft, potions are special items that provide various effects when consumed or applied. Players can create potions using a brewing stand, combining water bottles with ingredients like nether wart and other items such as glowstone dust or gunpowder. Each potion has unique effects, such as healing, strength, or speed. Potions can be enhanced or modified to change their duration and potency. For example, adding redstone dust extends the effect time, while fermented spider eye can alter a potion's properties. Players can also brew splash potions, which can be thrown to affect multiple players or mobs in an area.