Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits designed to govern specific operations in embedded systems. They typically include a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals, making them essential for controlling devices like home appliances, automobiles, and industrial machines. These versatile components are programmed to perform a variety of tasks, from simple functions like turning on a light to complex operations in robotics. Their low power consumption and cost-effectiveness make them ideal for applications in IoT devices and wearable technology, driving innovation across multiple industries.