Microbial toxins are harmful substances produced by microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and algae. These toxins can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. For example, the bacterium Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin, which can lead to severe food poisoning. There are two main types of microbial toxins: exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are secreted by living bacteria and can cause damage even in small amounts. In contrast, endotoxins are part of the bacterial cell wall and are released when the bacteria die. Both types can trigger immune responses and lead to serious health issues.