Mesodermal differentiation is the process by which cells in the mesoderm, one of the three primary germ layers in an embryo, develop into various specialized cell types. This layer gives rise to important structures such as muscles, bones, and the circulatory system. The differentiation is guided by specific signals and gene expressions that instruct mesodermal cells on their fate. During this process, mesodermal cells can become mesenchymal cells, which are crucial for forming connective tissues, or they can differentiate into endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Understanding mesodermal differentiation is essential for developmental biology and regenerative medicine, as it helps researchers explore how tissues and organs form and repair.