Medieval rulers were leaders who governed during the Middle Ages, roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century. They often held titles such as king, queen, duke, or lord and were responsible for maintaining order, collecting taxes, and defending their territories. Many rulers claimed their authority through divine right, believing their power was granted by God. These rulers often relied on a system of vassalage, where nobles pledged loyalty in exchange for land and protection. Notable medieval rulers include Charlemagne, who united much of Western Europe, and Richard the Lionheart, known for his role in the Crusades.