Medieval medicine, practiced from the 5th to the late 15th century, was heavily influenced by ancient Greek and Roman texts. Physicians often relied on the theory of the four humors—blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile—to diagnose and treat illnesses. Treatments included herbal remedies, bloodletting, and surgery, though the latter was often rudimentary. During this period, hospitals began to emerge, primarily run by religious institutions. Monks and nuns played a crucial role in caring for the sick, while medical knowledge was also preserved in monasteries. Despite its limitations, medieval medicine laid the groundwork for future advancements in healthcare.