Medieval Germany, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was characterized by a fragmented political landscape. The region was divided into numerous principalities, duchies, and free cities, often ruled by local lords. The Holy Roman Empire, established in 800 AD, played a significant role in unifying various German territories under a single emperor, although real power often rested with local rulers. During this period, Germanic tribes such as the Franks and Saxons shaped the cultural and political identity of the region. The era also saw the rise of important cities like Nuremberg and Cologne, which became centers of trade and culture, contributing to the development of a distinct German identity.