Medieval Africa refers to the period from around 500 to 1500 AD, characterized by the rise of powerful kingdoms and trade networks. Notable empires included the Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Songhai Empire, which thrived on the trade of gold, salt, and other goods. Cities like Timbuktu became important cultural and educational centers, attracting scholars and traders from across the continent and beyond. During this time, diverse cultures and languages flourished across the continent. The spread of Islam significantly influenced many regions, leading to advancements in science, mathematics, and literature. Additionally, various indigenous beliefs and practices coexisted, contributing to the rich tapestry of African history.