Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1516–1571), was a Scottish nobleman known for his involvement in the political struggles of 16th-century Scotland. He was a member of the Stuart family, which played a significant role in Scottish history. Matthew became the Earl of Lennox in 1571 and was a key figure during the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots, supporting her claim to the throne. As a nobleman, Matthew Stuart was involved in various conflicts and alliances, particularly during the turbulent times of the Scottish Reformation. He was also the father of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who married Mary, Queen of Scots, further intertwining the Stuart lineage with the royal family.