Matrix transformations are mathematical operations that change the position, size, or orientation of objects in space. They use matrices, which are rectangular arrays of numbers, to perform these changes. Common types of transformations include translation (moving an object), rotation (turning it around a point), and scaling (changing its size). In computer graphics, matrix transformations are essential for rendering images and animations. By applying these transformations, artists and developers can manipulate shapes and objects efficiently. This allows for the creation of dynamic scenes and realistic movements in video games and simulations.