Geometric transformations are operations that change the position, size, or shape of geometric figures. The main types include translation, rotation, reflection, and scaling. Each transformation alters the figure in a specific way, such as moving it to a new location or flipping it over a line. These transformations can be represented using coordinates in a Cartesian plane. For example, a translation shifts a figure by adding values to its coordinates, while a rotation turns it around a point. Understanding these transformations is essential in fields like geometry, computer graphics, and robotics.