Mathematical models are representations of real-world situations using mathematical concepts and language. They help simplify complex systems by focusing on key variables and relationships, allowing for analysis and predictions. These models can be used in various fields, such as physics, economics, and biology, to understand phenomena and make informed decisions. There are different types of mathematical models, including statistical models, which analyze data to identify trends, and deterministic models, which provide precise outcomes based on specific inputs. By using these models, researchers and professionals can simulate scenarios, test hypotheses, and optimize processes in their respective domains.