Mathematical equations are statements that express the equality between two mathematical expressions. They often include numbers, variables, and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, the equation 2x + 3 = 7 shows that when x is 2, both sides of the equation are equal. Equations are fundamental in various fields, including science, engineering, and finance. They help solve problems and model real-world situations. Understanding equations allows individuals to analyze relationships and make predictions based on mathematical principles.