Mashrutiyat refers to the constitutional movement in Persia (now Iran) during the early 20th century, which aimed to establish a parliamentary system and limit the powers of the monarchy. This movement emerged in response to widespread dissatisfaction with the autocratic rule of the Qajar dynasty and sought to promote democratic principles and civil rights. The movement gained momentum in 1905, leading to the establishment of the first Majlis (parliament) in 1906. Despite initial successes, the movement faced significant challenges, including opposition from conservative factions and foreign intervention, ultimately leading to a complex political landscape in Iran that influenced its future governance.